Installation Tools
apt-get install avr-gcc avr-libc avrdude
Fuses Config auslesen
avrdude -P /dev/ttyS0 -c ponyser -p m16 -v
Bsp. Default Fuses Atmega16
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9403
avrdude: safemode: lfuse reads as E1
avrdude: safemode: hfuse reads as 99
= 1 MHz RC Osci Takt intern
1tes Testprogramm
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Titel : Beispiel LED an für myAVR-Board
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Funktion : Schaltet alle 3 LEDs an
// Schaltung : PortB 0-2 an LEDs
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Prozessor : ATmega8/48/88/168
// Takt : 3.6864 MHz
// Sprache : C
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
#define F_CPU 3686400 // Taktfrequenz des myAVR-Boards
#include <avr/io.h>; // AVR Register und Konstantendefinitionen
#include <util/delay.h>; // Delay Funktion
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void long_delay(uint16_t ms) {
for(; ms>0; ms--) _delay_ms(1);
}
main ()
{
DDRB=0xFF; //PortB auf Ausgang konfigurieren
do
{
PORTB=0x01; // PortB High, LEDs on
long_delay(100);
PORTB=0x02;
long_delay(100);
PORTB=0x04;
long_delay(100);
PORTB=0x02;
long_delay(100);
} while (1); // Mainloop
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
Programm compilen und auf den ATMEGA8 flashen
Skript atmegaflash.sh
avr-gcc -O -mmcu=atmega8 -o $1.out $1.c avr-strip $1.out avr-objcopy -O ihex $1.out $1.hex #avrdude -c sp12 -p m8 -P /dev/parport0 avrdude -p m8 -c sp12 -P /dev/parport0 -E noreset,vcc -U flash:w:$1.hex
Programm compilen und auf Atmega32u2 flashen
avr-gcc -O -mmcu=atmega32u2 -o avr-usb-162_led.out avr-usb-162_led.c avr-strip avr-usb-162_led.out avr-objcopy -O ihex avr-usb-162_led.out avr-usb-162_led.hex sudo dfu-programmer atmega32u2 erase sudo dfu-programmer atmega32u2 flash avr-usb-162_led.hex sudo dfu-programmer atmega32u2 start
Programm auf Atmega32u2 mit Arduino Bootloader flashen
avrdude -v -v -v -v -patmega32u2 -cavr109 -P/dev/ttyACM3 -b57600 -D -Uflash:w:avr32u2dac.hex:i
Atmel AVR AVRISP MKII Treiber wechseln
Zadig – USB driver installation made easy
Programme
A/D Wandler Test
#include <avr/io.h>
int main(void)
{
DDRB = 0xFF;
while (1)
{
uint8_t i;
uint16_t result;
int i2 = 60;
ADMUX = (0<<REFS1)|(1<<REFS0); // Kanal waehlen
ADMUX |= (1<<REFS1) | (1<<REFS0); // interne Referenzspannung nutzen
ADCSRA = (1<<ADEN) | (1<<ADPS1) | (1<<ADPS0);
// Frequenzvorteiler
// setzen auf 8 (1) und ADC aktivieren (1)
/* nach Aktivieren des ADC wird ein "Dummy-Readout" empfohlen, man liest
also einen Wert und verwirft diesen, um den ADC "warmlaufen zu lassen" */
ADCSRA |= (1<<ADSC); // eine ADC-Wandlung
while ( ADCSRA & (1<<ADSC) ) {
; // auf Abschluss der Konvertierung warten
}
result = ADCW; // ADCW muss einmal gelesen werden,
// sonst wird Ergebnis der nächsten Wandlung
// nicht übernommen.
/* Eigentliche Messung - Mittelwert aus 4 aufeinanderfolgenden Wandlungen */
result = 0;
for( i=0; i<i2; i++ )
{
ADCSRA |= (1<<ADSC); // eine Wandlung "single conversion"
while ( ADCSRA & (1<<ADSC) ) {
; // auf Abschluss der Konvertierung warten
}
result += ADCW; // Wandlungsergebnisse aufaddieren
}
ADCSRA &= ~(1<<ADEN); // ADC deaktivieren (2)
result /= i2; // Summe durch vier teilen = arithm. Mittelwert
if (result < 128)
{
PORTB = 0b10000000;
}
else if (result >= 128 && result < 256)
{
PORTB = 0b01000000;
}
else if (result >= 256 && result < 384)
{
PORTB = 0b00100000;
}
else if (result >= 384 && result < 512)
{
PORTB = 0b00010000;
}
else if (result >= 512 && result < 640)
{
PORTB = 0b00001000;
}
else if (result >= 640 && result < 768)
{
PORTB = 0b00000100;
}
else if (result >= 768 && result < 896)
{
PORTB = 0b00000010;
}
else
{
PORTB = 0b00000001;
}
}
return 1;
}
Pollin Programmer Board
Flash mit avrdude und compile mit avr-gcc
Anschluss über serielle Schnittstelle
avr-gcc -O -mmcu=atmega8 -o $1.out $1.c avr-strip $1.out avr-objcopy -O ihex $1.out $1.hex avrdude -p m8 -c ponyser -P /dev/ttyS0 -v -U flash:w:$1.hex
LED Muster Generator
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Titel : LED schalten / Poti auswerten / Muster generieren
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Funktion : Schaltet alle 6 LEDs nacheinander in verschiedenen Mustern an
// Schaltung : PortB 0-5 an LEDs bzw. ULN2803, PortD 0 an Poti
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Prozessor : ATmega8
// Takt : 3.6864 MHz
// Sprache : C
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
#define F_CPU 3686400 // Taktfrequenz des myAVR-Boards
#include <avr/io.h> // AVR Register und Konstantendefinitionen
#include <util/delay.h> // Delay Funktion
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void long_delay(uint16_t ms) {
for(; ms>0; ms--) _delay_ms(1);
}
int main(void)
{
DDRB = 0xFF;
int delay = 20;
while (1)
{
uint8_t i;
uint16_t result;
int i2 = 60;
ADMUX = (0<<REFS1)|(1<<REFS0); // Kanal waehlen
ADMUX |= (1<<REFS1) | (1<<REFS0); // interne Referenzspannung nutzen
ADCSRA = (1<<ADEN) | (1<<ADPS1) | (1<<ADPS0);
// Frequenzvorteiler
// setzen auf 8 (1) und ADC aktivieren (1)
/* nach Aktivieren des ADC wird ein "Dummy-Readout" empfohlen, man liest
also einen Wert und verwirft diesen, um den ADC "warmlaufen zu lassen" */
ADCSRA |= (1<<ADSC); // eine ADC-Wandlung
while ( ADCSRA & (1<<ADSC) ) {
; // auf Abschluss der Konvertierung warten
}
result = ADCW; // ADCW muss einmal gelesen werden,
// sonst wird Ergebnis der nächsten Wandlung
// nicht übernommen.
/* Eigentliche Messung - Mittelwert aus 4 aufeinanderfolgenden Wandlungen */
result = 0;
for( i=0; i<i2; i++ )
{
ADCSRA |= (1<<ADSC); // eine Wandlung "single conversion"
while ( ADCSRA & (1<<ADSC) ) {
; // auf Abschluss der Konvertierung warten
}
result += ADCW; // Wandlungsergebnisse aufaddieren
}
ADCSRA &= ~(1<<ADEN); // ADC deaktivieren (2)
result /= i2; // Summe durch vier teilen = arithm. Mittelwert
if (result < 128)
{
PORTB = 0b00000001;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00000010;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00000100;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00001000;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00010000;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00100000;
long_delay(delay);
}
else if (result >= 128 && result < 256)
{
PORTB = 0b00000001;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00000010;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00000100;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00001000;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00010000;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00100000;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00010000;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00001000;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00000100;
long_delay(delay);
PORTB = 0b00000010;
long_delay(delay);
}
else if (result >= 256 && result < 384)
{
PORTB = 0b00111111;
long_delay(10);
PORTB = 0b00000000;
long_delay(10);
}
else if (result >= 384 && result < 512)
{
PORTB = 0b00111111;
long_delay(20);
PORTB = 0b00000000;
long_delay(20);
}
else if (result >= 512 && result < 640)
{
PORTB = 0b00111111;
long_delay(30);
PORTB = 0b00000000;
long_delay(30);
}
else if (result >= 640 && result < 768)
{
PORTB = 0b00000000;
}
else if (result >= 768 && result < 896)
{
PORTB = 0b00000000;
}
else
{
PORTB = 0b11111111;
}
}
return 1;
}
LED Fading
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <stdint.h>
// Analog/Digital Wandler initialisieren
void adc_init(void)
{
// externe Referenzspannung und AD-Wandlerkanal 0 (ADC0 / PC0) auswählen
ADMUX = 0;
// AD-Wandler einschalten und Prescaler = 64 einstellen (enstpricht 115 khz Wandlertakt)
ADCSRA = (1<<ADEN)|(1<<ADPS2)|(1<<ADPS1);
}
// Timer einstellen
void timer_init(void)
{
// OC1A auf Ausgang
DDRB = (1 << PB1 );
// Was die einzelnen Einstellungen genau bedeuten steht im Datenblatt
//
// Timer 1 einstellen
//
// Modus 14: Fast PWM, Top von ICR1
//
// >> WGM13 WGM12 WGM11 WGM10
// 1 1 1 0
//
// Timer Vorteiler: 1
//
// >> CS12 CS11 CS10
// 0 0 1
//
// Steuerung des Ausgangsport: Set at BOTTOM, Clear at match
//
// >> COM1A1 COM1A0
// 1 0
TCCR1A = (1<<COM1A1) | (1<<WGM11);
TCCR1B = (1<<WGM13) | (1<<WGM12) | (1<<CS10);
// Den Endwert (TOP) für den Zähler setzen
// Der Zähler zählt bis zu diesem Wert
// Hier kann man unter anderem die Frequenz der PWM einstellen
ICR1 = 0x0080;
// 0x0080 ist eine Abstufung mit 128 Stufen.
// Problem: Wenn wir einen Motor mir PWM ansteuern vibrieren
// seine Teile automatisch in der Frequenz mit.
// Also legen wir diese in den nicht hörbaren Bereich.
// 4MHz / 128 = 31250 Hz
}
int main()
{
// 16bit Variable
uint16_t buffer;
// Timer für PWM initialisieren
timer_init();
// A/D - Wandler initialisieren
adc_init();
// OCR1A ist der Compare Wert
// Wenn der Zähler diesen Wert erreicht, wird mit
// obiger Konfiguration der OC1A Ausgang abgeschaltet
// Sobald der Zähler wieder bei 0 startet, wird der
// Ausgang wieder auf 1 gesetzt
//
// Durch Verändern dieses Wertes, werden die unterschiedlichen
// PWM Werte eingestellt.
// Startwert = 0. Wird in der while-Schleife gesetzt.
OCR1A = 0x0000;
while( 1 )
{
// Wandlung vom analogen Eingang starten
ADCSRA |= (1<<ADSC);
// Warten bis die AD-Wandlung abgeschloßen ist
while ( !(ADCSRA & (1<<ADIF)) )
;
// AD-Wert auslesen.
// ADCH muss als zweites gelesen werden, da nachdem ADCL gelesen wurde
// das ADC-Register gesperrt ist bis ADCH auch ausgelesen wurde.
// buffer = ADCL | (ADCH<<8);
// Oder einfacher.
buffer = ADC;
// Da die PWM eine Auflösung von 8bit hat aber der buffer 10bit gross ist
// müssen wir noch transformieren
OCR1A = (buffer>>3);
}
}
UART
serielle Schnittstelle unter Linux einstellen:
setserial /dev/ttyS0 uart 16550A skip_test
uart.h
#ifndef _UART_H_
#define _UART_H_
#include <avr/io.h>
extern void uart_init();
static inline int
uart_putc (const uint8_t c)
{
// Warten, bis UDR bereit ist für einen neuen Wert
while (!(UCSRA & (1 << UDRE)))
;
// UDR Schreiben startet die Übertragung
UDR = c;
return 1;
}
static inline int
uart_puts(char *s){
while(*s){
uart_putc(*s);
s++;
}
}
static inline uint8_t
uart_getc_wait()
{
// Warten, bis etwas empfangen wird
while (!(UCSRA & (1 << RXC)))
;
// Das empfangene Zeichen zurückliefern
return UDR;
}
static inline int
uart_getc_nowait()
{
// Liefer das empfangene Zeichen, falls etwas empfangen wurde; -1 sonst
return (UCSRA & (1 << RXC)) ? (int) UDR : -1;
}
#endif /* _UART_H_ */
uartgps.c
#define F_CPU 1000000 // Takt des MCU
#define BAUDRATE 4800UL //Definition als unsigned long, sonst gibt es Fehler
#include "uart.h" // Include für serielle Schnittstelle UART
#include <avr/io.h> // AVR Register und Konstantendefinitionen
#include <util/delay.h> // Delay Funktion
#include <string.h> // String Funktionen
void uart_init()
{
uint16_t ubrr = (uint16_t) ((uint32_t) F_CPU/(16*BAUDRATE) - 1);
UBRRH = (uint8_t) (ubrr>>8);
UBRRL = (uint8_t) (ubrr);
// UART Receiver und Transmitter anschalten
// Data mode 8N1, asynchron, no parity
UCSRB = (1 << RXEN) | (1 << TXEN);
// UMSEL 0 = async UMSEL 1 = sync
// UPM1/UPM0 = 00 Dis, 01 Res, 10 En Even Parity, 11 En Odd Parity
// USBS Stop Bit 0 = 1 Bit, 1 = 2 Bit
// UCSZ2/UCSZ1/UCSZ0 = 000 = 5 Bit 001 = 6 Bit 010 = 7 Bit 011 = 8 Bit
UCSRC = (1 << URSEL) | (0 << UMSEL) | (0 <<UCSZ2) | (1 << UCSZ1) | (1 << UCSZ0) | (0 << UPM1) | (0 << UPM0) | (0 << USBS);
// Flush Receive-Buffer (entfernen evtl. vorhandener ungültiger Werte)
do
{
UDR;
}
while (UCSRA & (1 << RXC));
}
void long_delay(uint16_t ms) {
for(; ms>0; ms--) _delay_ms(1);
}
main ()
{
DDRA = 0xFF;
uart_init();
char rxzeichen;
int count = 0;
while(1)
{
rxzeichen = uart_getc_wait();
if (strcmp(rxzeichen,'$'))
{
PORTA = (1 << PA0);
PORTA = (0 << PA0);
}
uart_putc(rxzeichen);
};
}
GPS an serieller Schnittstelle ttyS0
stty -F /dev/ttyS0 stty -F /dev/ttyS0 4800 cat /dev/ttyS0 | hd
Navilock EM406a Protokollausschnitt
00000000 24 50 53 52 46 54 58 54 2c 56 65 72 73 69 6f 6e |$PSRFTXT,Version| 00000010 3a 47 53 57 33 2e 32 2e 34 5f 33 2e 31 2e 30 30 |:GSW3.2.4_3.1.00| 00000020 2e 31 32 2d 53 44 4b 30 30 33 50 31 2e 30 30 61 |.12-SDK003P1.00a| 00000030 20 0a 0a 24 50 53 52 46 54 58 54 2c 56 65 72 73 | ..$PSRFTXT,Vers| 00000040 69 6f 6e 32 3a 46 2d 47 50 53 2d 30 33 2d 30 37 |ion2:F-GPS-03-07| 00000050 30 31 33 31 33 0a 0a 24 50 53 52 46 54 58 54 2c |01313..$PSRFTXT,| 00000060 56 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 33 3a 4e 41 56 49 4c 4f 43 |Version3:NAVILOC| 00000070 4b 0a 0a 24 50 53 52 46 54 58 54 2c 57 41 41 53 |K..$PSRFTXT,WAAS| 00000080 20 44 69 73 61 62 6c 65 0a 0a 24 50 53 52 46 54 | Disable..$PSRFT| 00000090 58 54 2c 54 4f 57 3a 20 20 31 31 38 34 34 33 0a |XT,TOW: 118443.| 000000a0 0a 24 50 53 52 46 54 58 54 2c 57 4b 3a 20 20 20 |.$PSRFTXT,WK: | 000000b0 31 35 35 35 0a 0a 24 50 53 52 46 54 58 54 2c 50 |1555..$PSRFTXT,P| 000000c0 4f 53 3a 20 20 36 33 37 38 31 33 37 20 30 20 30 |OS: 6378137 0 0| 000000d0 0a 0a 24 50 53 52 46 54 58 54 2c 43 4c 4b 3a 20 |..$PSRFTXT,CLK: | 000000e0 20 39 36 32 35 30 0a 0a 24 50 53 52 46 54 58 54 | 96250..$PSRFTXT| 000000f0 2c 43 48 4e 4c 3a 20 31 32 0a 0a 24 50 53 52 46 |,CHNL: 12..$PSRF| 00000100 54 58 54 2c 42 61 75 64 20 72 61 74 65 3a 20 34 |TXT,Baud rate: 4| 00000110 38 30 30 20 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 47 41 2c 30 38 35 |800 ..$GPGGA,085| 00000120 33 35 30 2e 35 39 31 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 30 2c 30 30 |350.591,,,,,0,00| 00000130 2c 2c 2c 4d 2c 30 2e 30 2c 4d 2c 2c 30 30 30 30 |,,,M,0.0,M,,0000| 00000140 2a 35 30 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 53 41 2c 41 2c 31 2c |*50..$GPGSA,A,1,| 00000150 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2a 31 |,,,,,,,,,,,,,,*1| 00000160 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 52 4d 43 2c 30 38 35 33 35 30 |E..$GPRMC,085350| 00000170 2e 35 39 31 2c 56 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 32 36 31 |.591,V,,,,,,,261| 00000180 30 30 39 2c 2c 2a 32 35 0a 0a 24 47 50 56 54 47 |009,,*25..$GPVTG| 00000190 2c 2c 54 2c 2c 4d 2c 2c 4e 2c 2c 4b 2a 34 45 0a |,,T,,M,,N,,K*4E.| 000001a0 0a 24 47 50 47 47 41 2c 30 38 35 33 35 31 2e 35 |.$GPGGA,085351.5| 000001b0 33 36 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 30 2c 30 30 2c 2c 2c 4d 2c |36,,,,,0,00,,,M,| 000001c0 30 2e 30 2c 4d 2c 2c 30 30 30 30 2a 35 43 0a 0a |0.0,M,,0000*5C..| 000001d0 24 47 50 47 53 41 2c 41 2c 31 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c |$GPGSA,A,1,,,,,,| 000001e0 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2a 31 45 0a 0a 24 47 |,,,,,,,,,*1E..$G| 000001f0 50 52 4d 43 2c 30 38 35 33 35 31 2e 35 33 36 2c |PRMC,085351.536,| 00000200 56 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 32 36 31 30 30 39 2c 2c |V,,,,,,,261009,,| 00000210 2a 32 39 0a 0a 24 47 50 56 54 47 2c 2c 54 2c 2c |*29..$GPVTG,,T,,| 00000220 4d 2c 2c 4e 2c 2c 4b 2a 34 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 |M,,N,,K*4E..$GPG| 00000230 47 41 2c 30 38 35 33 35 32 2e 35 33 37 2c 2c 2c |GA,085352.537,,,| 00000240 2c 2c 30 2c 30 30 2c 2c 2c 4d 2c 30 2e 30 2c 4d |,,0,00,,,M,0.0,M| 00000250 2c 2c 30 30 30 30 2a 35 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 53 |,,0000*5E..$GPGS| 00000260 41 2c 41 2c 31 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c |A,A,1,,,,,,,,,,,| 00000270 2c 2c 2c 2c 2a 31 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 52 4d 43 2c |,,,,*1E..$GPRMC,| 00000280 30 38 35 33 35 32 2e 35 33 37 2c 56 2c 2c 2c 2c |085352.537,V,,,,| 00000290 2c 2c 2c 32 36 31 30 30 39 2c 2c 2a 32 42 0a 0a |,,,261009,,*2B..| 000002a0 24 47 50 56 54 47 2c 2c 54 2c 2c 4d 2c 2c 4e 2c |$GPVTG,,T,,M,,N,| 000002b0 2c 4b 2a 34 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 47 41 2c 30 38 |,K*4E..$GPGGA,08| 000002c0 35 33 35 33 2e 35 33 39 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 30 2c 30 |5353.539,,,,,0,0| 000002d0 30 2c 2c 2c 4d 2c 30 2e 30 2c 4d 2c 2c 30 30 30 |0,,,M,0.0,M,,000| 000002e0 30 2a 35 31 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 53 41 2c 41 2c 31 |0*51..$GPGSA,A,1| 000002f0 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2a |,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,*| 00000300 31 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 52 4d 43 2c 30 38 35 33 35 |1E..$GPRMC,08535| 00000310 33 2e 35 33 39 2c 56 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 32 36 |3.539,V,,,,,,,26| 00000320 31 30 30 39 2c 2c 2a 32 34 0a 0a 24 47 50 56 54 |1009,,*24..$GPVT| 00000330 47 2c 2c 54 2c 2c 4d 2c 2c 4e 2c 2c 4b 2a 34 45 |G,,T,,M,,N,,K*4E| 00000340 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 47 41 2c 30 38 35 33 35 34 2e |..$GPGGA,085354.| 00000350 35 34 33 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 30 2c 30 30 2c 2c 2c 4d |543,,,,,0,00,,,M| 00000360 2c 30 2e 30 2c 4d 2c 2c 30 30 30 30 2a 35 42 0a |,0.0,M,,0000*5B.| 00000370 0a 24 47 50 47 53 41 2c 41 2c 31 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c |.$GPGSA,A,1,,,,,| 00000380 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2a 31 45 0a 0a 24 |,,,,,,,,,,*1E..$| 00000390 47 50 47 53 56 2c 33 2c 31 2c 31 32 2c 32 30 2c |GPGSV,3,1,12,20,| 000003a0 30 30 2c 30 30 30 2c 2c 31 30 2c 30 30 2c 30 30 |00,000,,10,00,00| 000003b0 30 2c 2c 33 31 2c 30 30 2c 30 30 30 2c 2c 32 37 |0,,31,00,000,,27| 000003c0 2c 30 30 2c 30 30 30 2c 2a 37 43 0a 0a 24 47 50 |,00,000,*7C..$GP| 000003d0 47 53 56 2c 33 2c 32 2c 31 32 2c 31 39 2c 30 30 |GSV,3,2,12,19,00| 000003e0 2c 30 30 30 2c 2c 30 37 2c 30 30 2c 30 30 30 2c |,000,,07,00,000,| 000003f0 2c 30 34 2c 30 30 2c 30 30 30 2c 2c 32 34 2c 30 |,04,00,000,,24,0| 00000400 30 2c 30 30 30 2c 2a 37 36 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 53 |0,000,*76..$GPGS| 00000410 56 2c 33 2c 33 2c 31 32 2c 31 36 2c 30 30 2c 30 |V,3,3,12,16,00,0| 00000420 30 30 2c 2c 32 38 2c 30 30 2c 30 30 30 2c 2c 32 |00,,28,00,000,,2| 00000430 36 2c 30 30 2c 30 30 30 2c 2c 32 39 2c 30 30 2c |6,00,000,,29,00,| 00000440 30 30 30 2c 2a 37 38 0a 0a 24 47 50 52 4d 43 2c |000,*78..$GPRMC,| 00000450 30 38 35 33 35 34 2e 35 34 33 2c 56 2c 2c 2c 2c |085354.543,V,,,,| 00000460 2c 2c 2c 32 36 31 30 30 39 2c 2c 2a 32 45 0a 0a |,,,261009,,*2E..| 00000470 24 47 50 56 54 47 2c 2c 54 2c 2c 4d 2c 2c 4e 2c |$GPVTG,,T,,M,,N,| 00000480 2c 4b 2a 34 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 47 41 2c 30 38 |,K*4E..$GPGGA,08| 00000490 35 33 35 35 2e 35 34 31 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 30 2c 30 |5355.541,,,,,0,0| 000004a0 30 2c 2c 2c 4d 2c 30 2e 30 2c 4d 2c 2c 30 30 30 |0,,,M,0.0,M,,000| 000004b0 30 2a 35 38 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 53 41 2c 41 2c 31 |0*58..$GPGSA,A,1| 000004c0 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2a |,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,*| 000004d0 31 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 52 4d 43 2c 30 38 35 33 35 |1E..$GPRMC,08535| 000004e0 35 2e 35 34 31 2c 56 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 32 36 |5.541,V,,,,,,,26| 000004f0 31 30 30 39 2c 2c 2a 32 44 0a 0a 24 47 50 56 54 |1009,,*2D..$GPVT| 00000500 47 2c 2c 54 2c 2c 4d 2c 2c 4e 2c 2c 4b 2a 34 45 |G,,T,,M,,N,,K*4E| 00000510 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 47 41 2c 30 38 35 33 35 36 2e |..$GPGGA,085356.| 00000520 35 33 37 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 30 2c 30 30 2c 2c 2c 4d |537,,,,,0,00,,,M| 00000530 2c 30 2e 30 2c 4d 2c 2c 30 30 30 30 2a 35 41 0a |,0.0,M,,0000*5A.| 00000540 0a 24 47 50 47 53 41 2c 41 2c 31 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c |.$GPGSA,A,1,,,,,| 00000550 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2a 31 45 0a 0a 24 |,,,,,,,,,,*1E..$| 00000560 47 50 52 4d 43 2c 30 38 35 33 35 36 2e 35 33 37 |GPRMC,085356.537| 00000570 2c 56 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 32 36 31 30 30 39 2c |,V,,,,,,,261009,| 00000580 2c 2a 32 46 0a 0a 24 47 50 56 54 47 2c 2c 54 2c |,*2F..$GPVTG,,T,| 00000590 2c 4d 2c 2c 4e 2c 2c 4b 2a 34 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 |,M,,N,,K*4E..$GP| 000005a0 47 47 41 2c 30 38 35 33 35 37 2e 35 34 33 2c 2c |GGA,085357.543,,| 000005b0 2c 2c 2c 30 2c 30 30 2c 2c 2c 4d 2c 30 2e 30 2c |,,,0,00,,,M,0.0,| 000005c0 4d 2c 2c 30 30 30 30 2a 35 38 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 |M,,0000*58..$GPG| 000005d0 53 41 2c 41 2c 31 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c |SA,A,1,,,,,,,,,,| 000005e0 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2a 31 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 52 4d 43 |,,,,,*1E..$GPRMC| 000005f0 2c 30 38 35 33 35 37 2e 35 34 33 2c 56 2c 2c 2c |,085357.543,V,,,| 00000600 2c 2c 2c 2c 32 36 31 30 30 39 2c 2c 2a 32 44 0a |,,,,261009,,*2D.| 00000610 0a 24 47 50 56 54 47 2c 2c 54 2c 2c 4d 2c 2c 4e |.$GPVTG,,T,,M,,N| 00000620 2c 2c 4b 2a 34 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 47 41 2c 30 |,,K*4E..$GPGGA,0| 00000630 38 35 33 35 38 2e 35 33 37 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 30 2c |85358.537,,,,,0,| 00000640 30 30 2c 2c 2c 4d 2c 30 2e 30 2c 4d 2c 2c 30 30 |00,,,M,0.0,M,,00| 00000650 30 30 2a 35 34 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 53 41 2c 41 2c |00*54..$GPGSA,A,| 00000660 31 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c |1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,| 00000670 2a 31 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 52 4d 43 2c 30 38 35 33 |*1E..$GPRMC,0853| 00000680 35 38 2e 35 33 37 2c 56 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 32 |58.537,V,,,,,,,2| 00000690 36 31 30 30 39 2c 2c 2a 32 31 0a 0a 24 47 50 56 |61009,,*21..$GPV| 000006a0 54 47 2c 2c 54 2c 2c 4d 2c 2c 4e 2c 2c 4b 2a 34 |TG,,T,,M,,N,,K*4| 000006b0 45 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 47 41 2c 30 38 35 33 35 39 |E..$GPGGA,085359| 000006c0 2e 35 33 37 2c 2c 2c 2c 2c 30 2c 30 30 2c 2c 2c |.537,,,,,0,00,,,| 000006d0 4d 2c 30 2e 30 2c 4d 2c 2c 30 30 30 30 2a 35 35 |M,0.0,M,,0000*55| 000006e0 0a 0a 24 47 50 47 53 41 2c 41 2c 31 2c 2c 2c 2c |..$GPGSA,A,1,,,,|
LCD Routine
#include <avr/io.h>
#define TAKT 1000000ul
#define LCDPEN PORTD
#define LCDEN PD3
#define LCDPRS PORTD
#define LCDRS PD2
#define LCDPDAT PORTD
#define LCDBUS 'h'
unsigned char curpos = 0;
unsigned char i = 0;
unsigned int count = 0;
unsigned int j = 0;
void wartexms(unsigned int faktor)
{
for (j = 0; j < faktor; j++)
{
for(count = TAKT/4000ul; count > 0; count--);
}
}
void lcd4com(unsigned char x)
{
#if LCDBUS == 'l'
x = (x << 4) | (x >> 4);
#endif
LCDPDAT = x;
LCDPRS &= ~(1 << LCDRS);
LCDPEN |= (1 << LCDEN);
wartexms(5);
LCDPEN &= ~(1 << LCDEN);
x = (x << 4) | (x >> 4);
LCDPDAT = x;
LCDPRS &= ~(1 << LCDRS);
LCDPEN |= (1 << LCDEN);
wartexms(5);
LCDPEN &= ~(1 << LCDEN);
LCDPDAT = 0;
wartexms(10);
}
void lcd4put(unsigned char x)
{
#if LCDBUS == 'l'
x = (x << 4) | (x >> 4);
#endif
LCDPDAT = x;
LCDPRS |= (1 << LCDRS);
LCDPEN |= (1 << LCDEN);
wartexms(5);
LCDPEN &= ~(1 << LCDEN);
x = (x << 4) | (x >> 4);
LCDPDAT = x;
LCDPRS |= (1 << LCDRS);
LCDPEN |= (1 << LCDEN);
wartexms(5);
LCDPEN &= ~(1 << LCDEN);
LCDPDAT = 0;
wartexms(5);
}
void lcd4ini(void)
{
wartexms(500);
lcd4com(0x33);
lcd4com(0x32);
lcd4com(0x28);
lcd4com(0x0e);
lcd4com(0x06);
lcd4com(0x02);
lcd4com(0x01);
}
void lcd4cur(void)
{
curpos++;
if (curpos == 0x10) {curpos = 0x40; lcd4com(0x80 | 0x40); }
if (curpos == 0x50) {curpos = 0x10; lcd4com(0x80 | 0x10); }
if (curpos == 0x20) {curpos = 0x50; lcd4com(0x80 | 0x50); }
if (curpos == 0x60) {curpos = 0x00; lcd4com(0x80 | 0x00); }
}
void lcd4puts(unsigned char *zeiger)
{
while(*zeiger != 0) {lcd4put(*zeiger++); lcd4cur();}
}
int main(void)
{
unsigned char meldung [] = "Willkommen";
DDRD = 0xff;
LCDPEN &= ~(1 << LCDEN);
DDRD |= (1 << LCDEN);
lcd4ini();
lcd4puts(meldung);
while(1)
{
}
return 0;
}
Sinuswerte
126, 129, 132, 135, 138, 141, 144, 148 //Anfang der positiven Halbwelle 151, 154, 157, 160, 163, 166, 168, 171 174, 177, 180, 183, 185, 188, 191, 193 196, 199, 201, 204, 206, 208, 211, 213 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 231, 232, 234, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241 242, 244, 245, 246, 247, 247, 248, 249 250, 250, 251, 251, 251, 252, 252, 252 252, 252, 252, 252, 251, 251, 251, 250 250, 249, 248, 247, 247, 246, 245, 244 242, 241, 240, 239, 237, 236, 234, 232 231, 229, 227, 225, 223, 221, 219, 217 215, 213, 211, 208, 206, 204, 201, 199 196, 193, 191, 188, 185, 183, 180, 177 174, 171, 168, 166, 163, 160, 157, 154 151, 148, 144, 141, 138, 135, 132, 129 //Ende der positiven Halbwelle 126, 123, 120, 117, 114, 111, 108, 104 //Anfang der negativen Halbwelle 101, 98, 95, 92, 89, 86, 84, 81 78, 75, 72, 69, 67, 64, 61, 59 56, 53, 51, 48, 46, 44, 41, 39 37, 35, 33, 31, 29, 27, 25, 23 21, 20, 18, 16, 15, 13, 12, 11 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35 37, 39, 41, 44, 46, 48, 51, 53 56, 59, 61, 64, 67, 69, 72, 75 78, 81, 84, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98 101, 104, 108, 111, 114, 117, 120, 123 //Ende der negativen Halbwelle
Funktionsgenerator mit Atmega32u2 Sinus / Dreieck
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Titel : Funktionsgenerator AVR Minimus -- Atmega32u2@16MHz
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Funktion : Schaltet Portpins PD0-PD7 als DAC 8Bit
// Schaltung : R2R Netzwerk an PD0-PD7
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Prozessor : ATmega32u2
// Takt : 16.0 MHz
// Sprache : C
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
#define F_CPU 16000000 // Taktfrequenz des myAVR-Boards
#include <avr/io.h> // AVR Register und Konstantendefinitionen
#include <util/delay.h> // Delay Funktion
#include <avr/pgmspace.h> // Program Space
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
static const int8_t sawtoothtable[] PROGMEM =
{
0,127,64,191,32,159,96,223,16,143,80,207,48,175,112,239,8,135,72,199,40,167,104,231,24,151,88,215,56,183,120,247,4,131,68,
195,36,163,100,227,20,147,84,211,52,179,116,243,12,139,76,203,44,171,108,235,28,155,92,219,60,187,124,251,2,129,66,193,34,
161,98,225,18,145,82,209,50,177,114,241,10,137,74,201,42,169,106,233,26,153,90,217,58,185,122,249,6,133,70,197,38,165,102,
229,22,149,86,213,54,181,118,245,14,141,78,205,46,173,110,237,30,157,94,221,62,189,126,253,1,128,65,192,33,160,97,224,17,
144,81,208,49,176,113,240,9,136,73,200,41,168,105,232,25,152,89,216,57,184,121,248,5,132,69,196,37,164,101,228,21,148,
85,212,53,180,117,244,13,140,77,204,45,172,109,236,29,156,93,220,61,188,125,252,3,130,67,194,35,162,99,226,19,146,83,
210,51,178,115,242,11,138,75,202,43,170,107,234,27,154,91,218,59,186,123,250,7,134,71,198,39,166,103,230,23,150,87,214,
55,182,119,246,15,142,79,206,47,174,111,238,31,158,95,222,63,190,127,254
};
void long_delay(uint16_t ms) {
for(; ms>0; ms--) _delay_ms(1);
}
main ()
{
int8_t count;
DDRD |= (1<<PD0); // als Ausgang
DDRD |= (1<<PD1); // als Ausgang
DDRD |= (1<<PD2); // als Ausgang
DDRD |= (1<<PD3); // als Ausgang
DDRD |= (1<<PD4); // als Ausgang
DDRD |= (1<<PD5); // als Ausgang
DDRD |= (1<<PD6); // als Ausgang
DDRD |= (1<<PD7); // als Ausgang
do
{
for(count = 0; count < 255;count++)
{
PORTD = pgm_read_word(&sawtoothtable[count]);
};
} while (1); // Mainloop
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
Teilspannungen R2R Netzwerk T. Lorenz 23.10.2013 Auflösung 8 Bit V Referenz 5 Volt Bit 0 0,01953125 V Bit 1 0,0390625 V Bit 2 0,078125 V Bit 3 0,15625 V Bit 4 0,3125 V Bit 5 0,625 V Bit 6 1,25 V Bit 7 2,5 V Wert-Nr. Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Dezimal Spannungswert Einheit 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,000 V 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0,020 V 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0,039 V 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0,059 V 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0,078 V 5 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0,098 V 6 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0,117 V 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0,137 V 8 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8 0,156 V 9 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 9 0,176 V 10 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 10 0,195 V 11 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 0,215 V 12 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 12 0,234 V 13 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 13 0,254 V 14 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 14 0,273 V 15 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 15 0,293 V 16 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 0,313 V 17 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 0,332 V 18 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 18 0,352 V 19 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 19 0,371 V 20 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 20 0,391 V 21 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 21 0,410 V 22 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 22 0,430 V 23 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 23 0,449 V 24 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 24 0,469 V 25 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 25 0,488 V 26 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 26 0,508 V 27 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 27 0,527 V 28 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 28 0,547 V 29 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 29 0,566 V 30 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 30 0,586 V 31 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 31 0,605 V 32 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 32 0,625 V 33 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 33 0,645 V 34 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 34 0,664 V 35 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 35 0,684 V 36 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 36 0,703 V 37 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 37 0,723 V 38 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 38 0,742 V 39 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 39 0,762 V 40 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 40 0,781 V 41 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 41 0,801 V 42 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 42 0,820 V 43 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 43 0,840 V 44 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 44 0,859 V 45 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 45 0,879 V 46 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 46 0,898 V 47 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 47 0,918 V 48 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 48 0,938 V 49 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 49 0,957 V 50 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 50 0,977 V 51 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 51 0,996 V 52 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 52 1,016 V 53 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 53 1,035 V 54 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 54 1,055 V 55 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 55 1,074 V 56 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 56 1,094 V 57 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 57 1,113 V 58 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 58 1,133 V 59 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 59 1,152 V 60 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 60 1,172 V 61 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 61 1,191 V 62 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 62 1,211 V 63 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 63 1,230 V 64 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 64 1,250 V 65 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 65 1,270 V 66 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 66 1,289 V 67 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 67 1,309 V 68 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 68 1,328 V 69 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 69 1,348 V 70 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 70 1,367 V 71 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 71 1,387 V 72 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 72 1,406 V 73 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 73 1,426 V 74 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 74 1,445 V 75 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 75 1,465 V 76 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 76 1,484 V 77 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 77 1,504 V 78 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 78 1,523 V 79 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 79 1,543 V 80 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 80 1,563 V 81 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 81 1,582 V 82 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 82 1,602 V 83 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 83 1,621 V 84 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 84 1,641 V 85 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 85 1,660 V 86 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 86 1,680 V 87 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 87 1,699 V 88 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 88 1,719 V 89 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 89 1,738 V 90 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 90 1,758 V 91 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 91 1,777 V 92 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 92 1,797 V 93 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 93 1,816 V 94 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 94 1,836 V 95 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 95 1,855 V 96 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 96 1,875 V 97 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 97 1,895 V 98 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 98 1,914 V 99 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 99 1,934 V 100 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 100 1,953 V 101 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 101 1,973 V 102 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 102 1,992 V 103 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 103 2,012 V 104 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 104 2,031 V 105 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 105 2,051 V 106 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 106 2,070 V 107 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 107 2,090 V 108 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 108 2,109 V 109 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 109 2,129 V 110 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 110 2,148 V 111 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 111 2,168 V 112 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 112 2,188 V 113 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 113 2,207 V 114 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 114 2,227 V 115 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 115 2,246 V 116 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 116 2,266 V 117 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 117 2,285 V 118 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 118 2,305 V 119 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 119 2,324 V 120 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 120 2,344 V 121 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 121 2,363 V 122 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 122 2,383 V 123 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 123 2,402 V 124 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 124 2,422 V 125 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 125 2,441 V 126 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 126 2,461 V 127 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 127 2,480 V 128 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 128 2,500 V 129 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 129 2,520 V 130 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 130 2,539 V 131 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 131 2,559 V 132 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 132 2,578 V 133 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 133 2,598 V 134 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 134 2,617 V 135 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 135 2,637 V 136 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 136 2,656 V 137 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 137 2,676 V 138 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 138 2,695 V 139 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 139 2,715 V 140 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 140 2,734 V 141 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 141 2,754 V 142 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 142 2,773 V 143 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 143 2,793 V 144 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 144 2,813 V 145 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 145 2,832 V 146 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 146 2,852 V 147 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 147 2,871 V 148 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 148 2,891 V 149 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 149 2,910 V 150 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 150 2,930 V 151 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 151 2,949 V 152 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 152 2,969 V 153 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 153 2,988 V 154 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 154 3,008 V 155 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 155 3,027 V 156 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 156 3,047 V 157 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 157 3,066 V 158 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 158 3,086 V 159 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 159 3,105 V 160 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 160 3,125 V 161 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 161 3,145 V 162 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 162 3,164 V 163 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 163 3,184 V 164 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 164 3,203 V 165 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 165 3,223 V 166 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 166 3,242 V 167 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 167 3,262 V 168 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 168 3,281 V 169 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 169 3,301 V 170 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 170 3,320 V 171 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 171 3,340 V 172 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 172 3,359 V 173 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 173 3,379 V 174 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 174 3,398 V 175 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 175 3,418 V 176 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 176 3,438 V 177 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 177 3,457 V 178 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 178 3,477 V 179 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 179 3,496 V 180 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 180 3,516 V 181 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 181 3,535 V 182 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 182 3,555 V 183 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 183 3,574 V 184 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 184 3,594 V 185 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 185 3,613 V 186 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 186 3,633 V 187 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 187 3,652 V 188 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 188 3,672 V 189 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 189 3,691 V 190 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 190 3,711 V 191 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 191 3,730 V 192 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 192 3,750 V 193 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 193 3,770 V 194 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 194 3,789 V 195 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 195 3,809 V 196 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 196 3,828 V 197 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 197 3,848 V 198 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 198 3,867 V 199 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 199 3,887 V 200 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 200 3,906 V 201 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 201 3,926 V 202 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 202 3,945 V 203 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 203 3,965 V 204 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 204 3,984 V 205 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 205 4,004 V 206 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 206 4,023 V 207 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 207 4,043 V 208 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 208 4,063 V 209 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 209 4,082 V 210 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 210 4,102 V 211 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 211 4,121 V 212 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 212 4,141 V 213 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 213 4,160 V 214 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 214 4,180 V 215 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 215 4,199 V 216 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 216 4,219 V 217 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 217 4,238 V 218 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 218 4,258 V 219 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 219 4,277 V 220 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 220 4,297 V 221 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 221 4,316 V 222 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 222 4,336 V 223 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 223 4,355 V 224 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 224 4,375 V 225 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 225 4,395 V 226 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 226 4,414 V 227 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 227 4,434 V 228 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 228 4,453 V 229 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 229 4,473 V 230 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 230 4,492 V 231 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 231 4,512 V 232 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 232 4,531 V 233 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 233 4,551 V 234 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 234 4,570 V 235 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 235 4,590 V 236 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 236 4,609 V 237 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 237 4,629 V 238 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 238 4,648 V 239 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 239 4,668 V 240 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 240 4,688 V 241 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 241 4,707 V 242 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 242 4,727 V 243 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 243 4,746 V 244 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 244 4,766 V 245 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 245 4,785 V 246 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 246 4,805 V 247 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 247 4,824 V 248 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 248 4,844 V 249 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 249 4,863 V 250 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 250 4,883 V 251 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 251 4,902 V 252 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 252 4,922 V 253 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 253 4,941 V 254 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 254 4,961 V 255 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 255 4,980 V